Why CISC?
• Compiler simplification?
– Disputed…
– Complex machine instructions harder to exploit
– Optimization more difficult
• Smaller programs?
– Program takes up less memory but…
– Memory is now cheap
– May not occupy less bits, just look shorter in symbolic form
• More instructions require longer op-codes
• Register references require fewer bits
• Faster programs?
– Bias towards use of simpler instructions
– More complex control unit
– Microprogram control store larger
– thus simple instructions take longer to execute
– It is far from clear that CISC is the appropriate solution
CISC Characteristics
• A large number of instructions-typically from 100 to 250 instructions
• Some instructions that perform specialized tasks and are used frequently
• A large variety of addressing modes-typically from 5 to 20 different modes
• Variable-length instruction formats
• Instructions that manipulate operands in memory
RISC Characteristics
• One instruction per cycle
• Register to register operations
• Few, simple addressing modes
• Few, simple instruction formats
• Hardwired design (no microcode)
• Fixed instruction format, easily decoded instruction format
• More compile time/effort
• Relatively few instruction
• Memory access limited to load and store instruction
• Relatively large number of registers in processor unit
• Use of overlapped register windows to speed-up procedure call and return
• Efficient instruction pipeline
• Compiler support for efficient translation of HLL programs into machine language programs.
• E.g.: Sun SPARC, Berkeley RISC1
RISC vs CISC
• Not clear cut
• Many designs borrow from both philosophies
• e.g. PowerPC and Pentium II …….
The Next Step - RISCReduced Instruction Set Computer
Key features
– Large number of general purpose registers
– or use of compiler technology to optimize register use
– Limited and simple instruction set
– Emphasis on optimising the instruction pipeline
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RISC VS CISC |
Advantages of CISC
• Microprogramming is as easy as assembly language to implement and much less expensive than hardwiring a unit
• The ease of microcoding new instructions allowed the designers to make CISC machines upwardly compatible – a new computer could run the same programs as earlier computers because the new computer would contain a superset of instructions of the earlier computers.
• As each instruction became more capable, fewer instructions could be used to implement a given task. This made more efficient use of the relatively slow main memory.
• Because microprogram instruction sets can be written to match the constructions of high-level languages, the compiler does not have to be as complicated.
Disadvantages of CISC
• Earlier generations of a processor family were generally contained as a subset in every new version- so instruction set and chip hardware become more complex with each generation of computers.
• So that as many instructions as possible could be stored in memory with the least possible wasted space, individual instructions could be of almost any length – this means that different instructions will take different amount of clock time to execute, slowing down the overall performance of the machine.
• Many specialized instructions are not used frequently enough to justify their existence – approximately only 20% of the available instructions are used in a typical program.
• CISC instructions typically se the condition codes as a side effect of the instruction. Not only does setting the condition codes take time, but programmers have to remember to examine the condition code bits before a subsequent instruction changes them.
Advantages of RISC
• Speedà Since a simplified instruction set allows for a pipelined, superscalar design RISC processors often achieve 2-4 times the performance of CISC processors using comparable semiconductor technology and the same clock rates.
• Simpler hardware à Because the instruction set of a RISC processor is so simple, it uses up much less chip space; extra functions, such as memory management units or floating point arithmetic units, can also be placed on the same chip. Smaller chips allow a semiconductor manufacture to place more parts on a single silicon wafer, which can lower the per-chip cost dramatically.
• Short design cycle à Since RISC processors are simpler than corresponding CISC processors, they be designed more quickly, and can take advantage of other technological developments sooner than corresponding CISC designs, leading to greater leaps in performance between generations.
Disadvantages of RISC
• Code Quality àThe performance of a RISC processor depends greatly on the code that it is executing. If the programmer (or compiler) does a poor job of instruction scheduling, the processor can spend quite a bit of time stalling-waiting for the result of one instruction before it can proceed with a subsequent instruction.
• Debugging à Unfortunately, instruction scheduling can make debugging difficult. If scheduling (and other optimizations) is turned off, the machine-language instructions show a clear connection with their corresponding lines of source. Many RISC programmers debug their code in an un-optimized, unscheduled form and then turn on the scheduler and hope that the program continues to work in the same way.
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